Referências sobre impactos da maconha sobre saúde mental
Participação do Presidente da ABP no debate sobre descriminalização das drogas no Senado
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnlaGbtK1PU&t=1s
Vídeo aula: Maconha e saúde mental: evidências científicas
Ampla revisão sobre o impacto da maconha sobre a saúde
Volkow ND, Compton WM, Weiss SR. Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med. 2014 Aug 28;371(9):879. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1407928
Depressão e tentativas de suicidio
Madruga CS, Miguel AQC, Massaro LTDS, Caetano R, Laranjeira R. Cannabis Consumption Onset and Addiction: Data from the Second Brazilian Drugs and Alcohol Survey (BNADS). J Psychoactive Drugs. 2022 Apr-Jun;54(2):140-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1936700
Gobbi G, Atkin T, Zytynski T, Wang S, Askari S, Boruff J, Ware M, Marmorstein N, Cipriani A, Dendukuri N, Mayo N. Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Apr 1;76(4):426-434. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2723657
Dependência de cannabis, tentativas de suicídio, uso de outras drogas e menos término do ensino médio e faculdade
Silins E, Horwood LJ, Patton GC, Fergusson DM, Olsson CA, Hutchinson DM, Spry E, Toumbourou JW, Degenhardt L, Swift W, Coffey C, Tait RJ, Letcher P, Copeland J, Mattick RP; Cannabis Cohorts Research Consortium. Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014 Sep;1(4):286-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70307-4
Hines LA, Freeman TP, Gage SH, Zammit S, Hickman M, Cannon M, Munafo M, MacLeod J, Heron J. Association of High-Potency Cannabis Use With Mental Health and Substance Use in Adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Oct 1;77(10):1044-1051. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2765973
Mortalidade e automutilação
Fontanella CA, Steelesmith DL, Brock G, Bridge JA, Campo JV, Fristad MA. Association of Cannabis Use With Self-harm and Mortality Risk Among Youths With Mood Disorders. JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Apr 1;175(4):377-384. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2775255
Desenvolvimento cognitivo (inteligência, memória, controle de impulsos)
Morin JG, Afzali MH, Bourque J, Stewart SH, Séguin JR, O'Leary-Barrett M, Conrod PJ. A Population-Based Analysis of the Relationship Between Substance Use and Adolescent Cognitive Development. Am J Psychiatry. 2019 Feb 1;176(2):98-106. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020202
Conrod PJ. Cannabis and Brain Health: What Is Next for Developmental Cohort Studies? Am J Psychiatry. 2022 May;179(5):317-318. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20220245
Manza P, Yuan K, Shokri-Kojori E, Tomasi D, Volkow ND. Brain structural changes in cannabis dependence: association with MAGL. Mol Psychiatry. 2020 Dec;25(12):3256-3266. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-019-0577-z
Psicose e esquizofrenia
Murray RM, Quigley H, Quattrone D, Englund A, Di Forti M. Traditional marijuana, high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis. World Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;15(3):195-204. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20341
Di Forti M, Marconi A, Carra E, Fraietta S, Trotta A, Bonomo M, Bianconi F, Gardner-Sood P, O'Connor J, Russo M, Stilo SA, Marques TR, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante C, David AS, Gaughran F, Atakan Z, Iyegbe C, Powell J, Morgan C, Lynskey M, Murray RM. Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015 Mar;2(3):233-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00117-5
Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, Leweke FM, Strube W, Hoch E. Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jun;270(4):403-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z
Aumento de uso de maconha após leis de “uso medicinal” da cannabis
Hasin DS, Sarvet AL, Cerdá M, Keyes KM, Stohl M, Galea S, Wall MM. US Adult Illicit Cannabis Use, Cannabis Use Disorder, and Medical Marijuana Laws: 1991-1992 to 2012-2013. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 1;74(6):579-588. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2619522
Brady KT. Medical Marijuana: Putting the Cart Before the Horse. Am J Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 1;177(7):570-571. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20050648
Ausência de evidências de qualidade sobre segurança e eficácia dos canabinóides em transtornos mentais
Kirkland AE, Fadus MC, Gruber SA, Gray KM, Wilens TE, Squeglia LM. A scoping review of the use of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2022 Feb;308:114347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114347
Black N, Stockings E, Campbell G, Tran LT, Zagic D, Hall WD, Farrell M, Degenhardt L. Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Dec;6(12):995-1010. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6949116/
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state
Posicionamentos das Associações Brasileira e Americana de Psiquiatria contra o uso de cannabis e cannabinoides em transtornos mentais
Silva AG da, Baldaçara LR. Posicionamento oficial da Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria relativo ao uso da cannabis em tratamentos psiquiátricos. Debates em Psiquiatria. 25º de julho de 2022;12. https://revistardp.org.br/revista/article/view/393
American Psychiatric Association. Position Statement in Opposition to Cannabis as Medicine. 2019. https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/About-APA/Organization-Documents-Policies/Policies/Position-Cannabis-as-Medicine.pdf
FDA (Food and Drug Administration) não aprovou a “maconha medicinal” para nenhuma doença ou condição clínica nem qualquer derivado canabinóide para qualquer transtorno mental
FDA and Cannabis: Research and Drug Approval Process. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process
Tabaco: impacto na mortalidade e queda atual no consumo
GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021 Jun 19;397(10292):2337-2360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01169-7
Consumo de maconha supera o de tabaco nos EUA
Maconha se torna mais popular que o cigarro de tabaco nos EUA, diz pesquisa. G1. 28/08/2022 https://g1.globo.com/saude/noticia/2022/08/28/maconha-se-torna-mais-popular-que-o-cigarro-de-tabaco-nos-eua-diz-pesquisa.ghtml
Epidemia de opioides
Van Zee A. The promotion and marketing of oxycontin: commercial triumph, public health tragedy. Am J Public Health. 2009 Feb;99(2):221-7. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.131714
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose Death Rates.2022. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates